Atnaa;Atropair;Atropen;Atropin;Atropin-flexiolen;Atropine Care;Atropine Sulfate Ansyr Plastic Syringe;Atropine Sulfate S.O.P.;Atropinol;Atropisol;Atrosulf;Equipin;Eyesules;Homapin-10;Homapin-5;I-Tropine;Isopto Atropine;Isopto-atropine;Minims Atropine;Ocu-Tropine;Tropine tropate;Troyl tropate;

Atropin [German];Atropina [Italian];Atropine Sulfate;DL-Hyoscyamine;DL-Tropyl tropate;

An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly solanaceae. [PubChem]

• Hospira inc
• Meridian medical technologies inc
• Mission pharmacal co
• Solvay pharmaceuticals
• United states army office surgeon general

• Advanced Pharmaceutical Services Inc.
• Akorn Inc.
• Alcon Laboratories
• American Regent
• Amphastar Pharmaceuticals
• APP Pharmaceuticals
• A-S Medication Solutions LLC
• Baroli
• Bausch & Lomb Inc.
• Baxter International Inc.
• Bioniche Pharma
• Cardinal Health
• Carlisle Laboratories Inc.
• Clipper Distributing Co. LLC
• Contract Pharm
• Dispensing Solutions
• E. Fougera and Co.
• Falcon Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
• General Injectables and Vaccines Inc.
• Hawthorn Pharmaceuticals
• Hope Pharmaceuticals
• Hospira Inc.
• Luitpold Pharmaceuticals Inc.
• Mallinckrodt Inc.
• Mckesson Corp.
• Meridian Medical Technologies Inc.
• MWI Veterinary Supply Co.
• Nycomed Inc.
• Ocumed Inc.
• OMJ Pharmaceuticals
• PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
• Pharmedium
• Physicians Total Care Inc.
• Prometic Pharma Inc.
• Rx Veterinary Products
• Spectrum Pharmaceuticals
• Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
• Vedco Inc.
• Wa Butler Co.

Synthesis Reference	Not Available
General Reference	Not Available

Type	small molecule

Classes

Not Available

Substructures

Not Available

PARKINSON 帕金森氏症;

Indication	For the treatment of poisoning by susceptible organophosphorous nerve agents having cholinesterase activity as well as organophosphorous or carbamate insecticides.
Pharmacodynamics	Atropine, a naturally occurring belladonna alkaloid, is a racemic mixture of equal parts of d- and l-hyoscyamine, whose activity is due almost entirely to the levo isomer of the drug. Atropine is commonly classified as an anticholinergic or antiparasympathetic (parasympatholytic) drug. More precisely, however, it is termed an antimuscarinic agent since it antagonizes the muscarine-like actions of acetylcholine and other choline esters. Adequate doses of atropine abolish various types of reflex vagal cardiac slowing or asystole. The drug also prevents or abolishes bradycardia or asystole produced by injection of choline esters, anticholinesterase agents or other parasympathomimetic drugs, and cardiac arrest produced by stimulation of the vagus. Atropine may also lessen the degree of partial heart block when vagal activity is an etiologic factor. Atropine in clinical doses counteracts the peripheral dilatation and abrupt decrease in blood pressure produced by choline esters. However, when given by itself, atropine does not exert a striking or uniform effect on blood vessels or blood pressure.
Mechanism of action	Atropine binds to and inhibit muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, producing a wide range of anticholinergic effects.
Absorption	Atropine is rapidly and well absorbed after intramuscular administration. Atropine disappears rapidly from the blood and is distributed throughout the various body tissues and fluids.
Volume of distribution	Not Available
Protein binding	The protein binding of atropine is 14 to 22% in plasma.
Metabolism	Much of the drug is destroyed by enzymatic hydrolysis, particularly in the liver. From 13 to 50% is excreted unchanged in the urine.
Route of elimination	Much of the drug is destroyed by enzymatic hydrolysis, particularly in the liver; from 13 to 50% is excreted unchanged in the urine.
Half life	3.0 ± 0.9 hours in adults. The half-life of atropine is slightly shorter (approximately 20 minutes) in females than males.
Clearance	Not Available
Toxicity	Oral, mouse: LD50 = 75 mg/kg. Symptoms of overdose includes widespread paralysis of parasympathetically innervated organs. Dry mucous membranes, widely dilated and nonresponsive pupils, tachycardia, fever and cutaneous flush are especially prominent, as are mental and neurological symptoms. In instances of severe intoxication, respiratory depression, coma, circulatory collapse and death may occur.
Affected organisms	Humans and other mammals
Pathways	Not Available

Properties
State	solid
Experimental Properties	Property Value Source melting point 118.5 °C PhysProp water solubility 2200 mg/L (at 25 °C) DEHN,WM (1917) logP 1.83 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995) logS -2.12 ADME Research, USCD pKa 9.43 SANGSTER (1994)
Predicted Properties	Property Value Source water solubility 2.52e+00 g/l ALOGPS logP 2.19 ALOGPS logP 1.57 ChemAxon logS -2.1 ALOGPS pKa (strongest acidic) 15.15 ChemAxon pKa (strongest basic) 9.39 ChemAxon physiological charge 1 ChemAxon hydrogen acceptor count 3 ChemAxon hydrogen donor count 1 ChemAxon polar surface area 49.77 ChemAxon rotatable bond count 5 ChemAxon refractivity 80.82 ChemAxon polarizability 31.28 ChemAxon

Drug	Interaction
Cinitapride	Anticholinergic agents like atropine may reduce the action of cinitapride.
Donepezil	Possible antagonism of action
Galantamine	Possible antagonism of action
Haloperidol	The anticholinergic increases the risk of psychosis and tardive dyskinesia
Tacrine	The therapeutic effects of the central acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, Tacrine, and/or the anticholinergic, Atropine, may be reduced due to antagonism. The interaction may be beneficial when the anticholinergic action is a side effect. Monitor for decreased efficacy of both agents.
Trimethobenzamide	Trimethobenzamide and Atropine, two anticholinergics, may cause additive anticholinergic effects and enhance their adverse/toxic effects. Monitor for enhanced anticholinergic effects.
Triprolidine	Triprolidine and Atropine, two anticholinergics, may cause additive anticholinergic effects and enhance their adverse/toxic effects. Monitor for enhanced anticholinergic effects.
Trospium	Trospium and Atropine, two anticholinergics, may cause additive anticholinergic effects and enhanced adverse/toxic effects. Monitor for enhanced anticholinergic effects.

• Avoid alcohol.
• Take with food.