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An organochlorine insecticide that has been used as a pediculicide and a scabicide. Lindane has been banned in California, United Kingdom, Australia, and many western countries due to concerns about neurotoxicity and adverse effects on the environment. In Canada, Lindane is not recommmended as a first-line therapy due to reports of resistance, neurotoxicity, and bone marrow suppression, but has been approved by the FDA as a second-line therapy for topical treatment of pediculosis capitis (head lice), pediculosis pubis (pubic lice), or scabies in patients greater than two years of age who cannot tolerate or have failed first-line treatment.

• Olta pharmaceuticals corp
• Reed and carnrick pharmaceuticals div block drug co inc
• Sola barnes hind
• Stiefel laboratories inc
• Wockhardt eu operations (swiss) ag

• AL and S LLC
• Alliant Pharmaceuticals Inc.
• Apotheca Inc.
• Century Pharmaceuticals Inc.
• Dept Health Central Pharmacy
• Dispensing Solutions
• Major Pharmaceuticals
• Pharmedix
• Physicians Total Care Inc.
• Qualitest
• United Research Laboratories Inc.
• Wockhardt Ltd.

Synthesis Reference	Not Available
General Reference	Brown VJ: Life after lindane in California. Environ Health Perspect. 2008 Mar;116(3):A128. Pubmed Strong M, Johnstone PW: Interventions for treating scabies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18;(3):CD000320. Pubmed

Form	Route	Strength
Emulsion	Topical
Lotion	Topical
Shampoo	Topical

Unit description	Cost	Unit
Lindane 1% Lotion 60ml Bottle	142.33 USD	bottle
Lindane 1% Shampoo 60ml Bottle	142.33 USD	bottle
Lindane 1% lotion	5.16 USD	ml

Type	small molecule

Classes

Alkyl Halides

Substructures

Alkyl Halides

Indication	For the treatment of patients infested with Sarcoptes scabiei or pediculosis capitis who have either failed to respond to adequate doses, or are intolerant of other approved therapies.
Pharmacodynamics	Scabies is a common, highly pruritic infestation of the skin caused by Sarcoptes scabiei (lice). It is a very contagious condition with specific lesions, such as burrows, and nonspecific lesions, such as papules, vesicles and excoriations. The typical areas of the body it affects are finger webs, scalp (hair), wrists, axillary folds, abdomen, buttocks, inframammary folds and genitalia (males). It is characterized by intense night-time itching. Scabies is spread through close personal contact (relatives, sexual partners, schoolchildren, chronically ill patients and crowded communities). Scabies infestations and the corresponding symptoms can be eliminated by killing the scabies with topical insecticides or scabicides. Lindane is a scabicide that is essentially an organochloride insecticide.
Mechanism of action	Lindane is an organochloride insecticide that has similar neurotoxic protperties to DDT. It exerts its parasiticidal action by being directly absorbed through the parasite's exoskeleton (primarily lice, or scabies) and their ova. The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA(1)) receptor/chloride ionophore complex is the primary site of action for lindane, and other insecticides such as endosulfan, and fipronil. Blockage of the GABA-gated chloride channel reduces neuronal inhibition, which leads to hyperexcitation of the central nervous system. This results in paralysis, convulsions, and death. Lindane has very low ovicidal activity.
Absorption	Lindane is absorbed significantly through the skin. A mean peak blood concentration of 28 nanograms per mL occurred in infants and children 6 hours after total body application of lindane lotion for scabies.
Volume of distribution	Not Available
Protein binding	91%
Metabolism	Primarily hepatic through dechlorination leading to 2-chlorophenol, 0-chlorophenol, chlorocyclohexane, chlorocyclohexanol.
Route of elimination	Not Available
Half life	18 hours
Clearance	Not Available
Toxicity	Lindane is a moderately toxic compound via oral exposure, with a reported oral LD50 of 88 to 190 mg/kg in rats. Gamma-HCH (which constitutes 99% of lindane) is generally considered to be the most acutely toxic of the isomers following single administration. It is moderately toxic via the dermal route as well, with reported dermal LD50 values of 500 to 1000 mg/kg in rats, 300 mg/kg in mice, 400 mg/kg in guinea pigs, and 300 mg/kg in rabbits. Acute exposure to lindane may lead to central nervous system stimulation (usually developing within 1 hour), mental/motor impairment, excitation, clonic (intermittent) and tonic (continuous) convulsion. Other adverse reactions include central nervous system toxicity, as well as skin and gastrointestinal changes.
Affected organisms	Scabies (Sarcoptes scabei) and other insects
Pathways	Not Available

Properties
State	liquid
Melting point	112.5 oC
Experimental Properties	Property Value Source water solubility 7.3 mg/L PhysProp logP 3.8 PhysProp
Predicted Properties	Property Value Source water solubility 5.47e-03 g/l ALOGPS logP 3.94 ALOGPS logP 4.35 ChemAxon Molconvert logS -4.73 ALOGPS pKa ChemAxon Molconvert hydrogen acceptor count 0 ChemAxon Molconvert hydrogen donor count 0 ChemAxon Molconvert polar surface area 0.00 ChemAxon Molconvert rotatable bond count 0 ChemAxon Molconvert refractivity 54.08 ChemAxon Molconvert polarizability 23.60 ChemAxon Molconvert

Drug	Interaction

Not Available