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药品详细

Phenobarbital(苯巴比妥)

化学结构式图
中文名
苯巴比妥
英文名
Phenobarbital
分子式
C12H12N2O3
化学名
5-ethyl-5-phenyl-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione
分子量
Average: 232.2353
Monoisotopic: 232.08479226
CAS号
50-06-6
ATC分类
N03A 未知;N03A 未知
药物类型
small molecule
阶段
approved
商品名
同义名
基本介绍

A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It promotes binding to inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid subtype receptors, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations. [PubChem]

生产厂家
    封装厂家
    参考
    Synthesis Reference Not Available
    General Reference
    1. Kwan P, Brodie MJ: Phenobarbital for the treatment of epilepsy in the 21st century: a critical review. Epilepsia. 2004 Sep;45(9):1141-9. Pubmed
    2. Taylor S, Tudur Smith C, Williamson PR, Marson AG: Phenobarbitone versus phenytoin monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(4):CD002217. Pubmed
    3. Tudur Smith C, Marson AG, Williamson PR: Carbamazepine versus phenobarbitone monotherapy for epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(1):CD001904. Pubmed
    4. Kalviainen R, Eriksson K, Parviainen I: Refractory generalised convulsive status epilepticus : a guide to treatment. CNS Drugs. 2005;19(9):759-68. Pubmed
    5. Booth D, Evans DJ: Anticonvulsants for neonates with seizures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004 Oct 18;(4):CD004218. Pubmed
    剂型
    规格
    化合物类型
    Type small molecule
    Classes
    • Barbiturates
    • Phenethylamines
    Substructures
    • Barbiturates
    • Carbonyl Compounds
    • Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
    • Amino Ketones
    • Benzene and Derivatives
    • Ureas and Derivatives
    • Pyrimidines and Derivatives
    • Phenethylamines
    • Heterocyclic compounds
    • Aromatic compounds
    • Carboxamides and Derivatives
    适应症
    药理
    Indication For the treatment of all types of seizures except absence seizures.
    Pharmacodynamics Phenobarbital, the longest-acting barbiturate, is used for its anticonvulsant and sedative-hypnotic properties in the management of all seizure disorders except absence (petit mal).
    Mechanism of action Phenobarbital acts on GABAA receptors, increasing synaptic inhibition. This has the effect of elevating seizure threshold and reducing the spread of seizure activity from a seizure focus. Phenobarbital may also inhibit calcium channels, resulting in a decrease in excitatory transmitter release. The sedative-hypnotic effects of phenobarbital are likely the result of its effect on the polysynaptic midbrain reticular formation, which controls CNS arousal.
    Absorption Absorbed in varying degrees following oral, rectal or parenteral administration. The salts are more rapidly absorbed than are the acids. The rate of absorption is increased if the sodium salt is ingested as a dilute solution or taken on an empty stomach.
    Volume of distribution Not Available
    Protein binding 20 to 45%
    Metabolism
    Hepatic (mostly via CYP2C19).

    Important The metabolism module of DrugBank is currently in beta. Questions or suggestions? Please contact us.

    Substrate Enzymes Product
    Phenobarbital
    		p-Hydroxyphenobarbital Details
    Route of elimination Not Available
    Half life 53 to 118 hours (mean 79 hours)
    Clearance Not Available
    Toxicity CNS and respiratory depression which may progress to Cheyne-Stokes respiration, areflexia, constriction of the pupils to a slight degree (though in severe poisoning they may wshow paralytic dilation), oliguria, tachycardia, hypotension, lowered body temperature, and coma. Typical shock syndrome (apnea, circulatory collapse, respiratory arrest, and death) may occur.
    Affected organisms
    • Humans and other mammals
    Pathways Not Available
    理化性质
    Properties
    State solid
    Experimental Properties
    Property Value Source
    melting point 174 °C PhysProp
    water solubility 1110 mg/L (at 25 °C) YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)
    logP 1.47 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
    pKa 7.3 BUDAVARI,S ET AL. (1996)
    Predicted Properties
    Property Value Source
    water solubility 2.76e-01 g/l ALOGPS
    logP 1.4 ALOGPS
    logP 1.41 ChemAxon
    logS -2.9 ALOGPS
    pKa (strongest acidic) 8.14 ChemAxon
    physiological charge 0 ChemAxon
    hydrogen acceptor count 3 ChemAxon
    hydrogen donor count 2 ChemAxon
    polar surface area 75.27 ChemAxon
    rotatable bond count 2 ChemAxon
    refractivity 59.75 ChemAxon
    polarizability 22.61 ChemAxon
    药物相互作用
    Drug Interaction
    Abiraterone Strong CYP3A4 inducers may decrease levels of abiraterone. Monitor concomitant therapy closely.
    Acenocoumarol The barbiturate, phenobarbital, decreases the anticoagulant effect of acenocoumarol.
    Aminophylline The barbiturate, phenobarbital, decreases the effect of aminophylline.
    Anisindione The barbiturate, phenobarbital, decreases the anticoagulant effect of anisindione.
    Asenapine Phenobarbital is a CYP1A2 inducer and may increase metabolism of asenapine.
    Bendamustine Increases levels of bendamustine by decreasing metabolism. Ethinyl Estradiol is a CYP1A2 inhibitor and concurrent administration may result in elevated plasma concentrations of bendamustine.
    Betamethasone The barbiturate, phenobarbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, betamethasone.
    Boceprevir Strong CYP3A4 inducers will decrease levels of boceprevir. Concomitant therapy is contraindicated.
    Cabazitaxel Concomitant therapy with a strong CYP3A inducer may decrease concentrations of cabazitaxel. Avoid concomitant therapy.
    Canagliflozin Nonselective inducers of UGT enzymes may decrease levels of canagliflozin, thus decreasing efficacy. Consider increase the dose to 300 mg once daily.
    Chlorotrianisene The enzyme inducer, phenobarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, chlorotrianisene.
    Clomifene The enzyme inducer, phenobarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, clomifene.
    Conjugated Estrogens The enzyme inducer, phenobarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, conjugated estrogens.
    Cortisone acetate The barbiturate, phenobarbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, cortisone acetate.
    Cyclosporine The barbiturate, phenobarbital, may decrease the therapeutic effect of cyclosporine by increasing its metabolism.
    Dabrafenib Strong CYP3A4 inducers may decrease levels of dabrafenib. Consider alternate therapy.
    Dasatinib Phenobarbital may decrease the serum level and efficacy of dasatinib.
    Delavirdine The anticonvulsant, phenobarbital, decreases the effect of delavirdine.
    Dexamethasone The barbiturate, phenobarbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, dexamethasone.
    Dicumarol The barbiturate, phenobarbital, decreases the anticoagulant effect, dicumarol.
    Diethylstilbestrol The enzyme inducer, phenobarbital, may decrease the therapeutic effect of diethylstilbestrol.
    Disopyramide Phenobarbital decreases levels of disopyramide
    Doxycycline The anticonvulsant, phenobarbital, may decrease the therapeutic effect of doxycycline.
    Dyphylline The barbiturate, phenobarbital, decreases the effect of dyphylline.
    Estradiol The enzyme inducer, phenobarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, estradiol.
    Estradiol valerate/Dienogest Affects CYP3A4 metabolism, decreases or effects levels of Estradiol valerate/Dienogest.
    Estriol The enzyme inducer, phenobarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, estriol.
    Estrone The enzyme inducer, phenobarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, estrone.
    Estropipate The enzyme inducer, phenobarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, estropipate.
    Ethinyl Estradiol This product may cause a slight decrease of contraceptive effect
    Etravirine Etravirine, when used concomitantly with phenobarbital, may experience a decrease in serum concentration. It is recommended to avoid concurrent therapy.
    Felbamate Felbamate increases the effect and toxicity of phenobarbital/primidone
    Felodipine The barbiturate, phenobarbital, decreases the effect of felodipine.
    Fludrocortisone The barbiturate, phenobarbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, fludrocortisone.
    Folic Acid Folic acid decreases the effect of anticonvulsant, phenobarbital.
    Gefitinib The CYP3A4 inducer, phenobarbital, may decrease the serum concentration and therapeutic effects of gefitinib.
    Griseofulvin The barbiturate, phenobarbital, decreases the effect of griseofulvin.
    Hydrocortisone The barbiturate, phenobarbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, hydrocortisone.
    Imatinib Phenobarbital decreases levels of imatinib
    Itraconazole The barbiturate, phenobarbital, decreases the effect of itraconazole.
    Ivacaftor Strong CYP3A4 inducers may decrease levels of ivacaftor. Monitor concomitant therapy closely.
    Levonorgestrel Phenobarbital decreases the effect of levonorgestrel
    Medroxyprogesterone The enzyme inducer, phenobarbital, may decrease the effect of the hormone, medroxyprogesterone.
    Megestrol The enzyme inducer, phenobarbital, may decrease the effect of the hormone, megestrol.
    Mestranol This product may cause a slight decrease of contraceptive effect
    Methadone The barbiturate, phenobarbital, decreases the effect of methadone.
    Methoxyflurane The barbiturate, phenobarbital, increases the renal toxicity of methoxyflurane.
    Methylprednisolone The barbiturate, phenobarbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, methylprednisolone.
    Metoprolol The barbiturate decreases the effect of the metabolized beta-blocker
    Metronidazole The barbiturate, phenobarbital, decreases the effect of metronidazole.
    Nifedipine The barbiturate, phenobarbital, may decrease the effect of the calcium channel blocker, nifedipine.
    Norethindrone This product may cause a slight decrease of contraceptive effect
    Oxtriphylline The barbiturate, phenobarbital, decreases the effect of oxtriphylline.
    Paramethasone The barbiturate, phenobarbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, paramethasone.
    Prednisolone The barbiturate, phenobarbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, prednisolone.
    Prednisone The barbiturate, phenobarbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, prednisone.
    Propranolol The barbiturate decreases the effect of the metabolized beta-blocker
    Quinestrol The enzyme inducer, phenobarbital, decreases the effect of the hormone agent, quinestrol.
    Quinidine The anticonvulsant, phenobarbital, decreases the effect of quinidine.
    Regorafenib Strong CYP3A4 inducers may decrease levels of regorafenib.
    Rilpivirine Strong inducers of CYP3A4 decrease the exposure of rilpivirine thus decreasing efficacy.
    Roflumilast Affects CYP3A4 metabolism, decreases level or effect of roflumilast. Also decreases the level or effect of roflumilast by affecting CYP1A2 metabolism.
    Rufinamide Increases clearance of rufinamide thus decreasing plasma concentration of rufinamide.
    Sunitinib Possible decrease in sunitinib levels
    Tacrolimus Phenobarbital may decrease the blood concentration of Tacrolimus. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic/toxic effects of Tacrolimus if Phenobarbital therapy is initiated, discontinued or altered.
    Telithromycin Phenobarbital may decrease the plasma concentration of Telithromycin. Consider alternate therapy.
    Temsirolimus Phenobarbital may increase the metabolism of Temsirolimus decreasing its efficacy. Concomitant therapy should be avoided.
    Theophylline The barbiturate, phenobarbital, decreases the effect of theophylline.
    Ticlopidine Ticlopidine may decrease the metabolism and clearance of Phenobarbital. Consider alternate therapy or monitor for adverse/toxic effects of Phenobarbital if Ticlopidine is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
    Tipranavir Phenobarbial decreases the concentration of Tipranavir. Monitor for decreased Tipranavir efficacy.
    Tramadol Phenobarbital may decrease the effect of Tramadol by increasing Tramadol metabolism and clearance.
    Trazodone The CYP3A4 inducer, Phenobarbital, may decrease Trazodone efficacy by increasing Trazodone metabolism and clearance. Monitor for changes in Trazodone efficacy/toxicity if Phenobarbital is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
    Tretinoin The strong CYP2C8 inducer, Phenobarbital, may increase the metabolism and clearance of oral Tretinoin. Consider alternate therapy to avoid failure of Tretinoin therapy or monitor for changes in Tretinoin effectiveness and adverse/toxic effects if Phenobarbital is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
    Triamcinolone The barbiturate, phenobarbital, may decrease the effect of the corticosteroid, triamcinolone.
    Trimipramine The barbiturate, Phenobarbital, may increase the metabolism and clearance of Trimipramine. Monitor for changes in the therapeutics and adverse effects of Trimipramine if Phenobarbital is initiated, discontinued or dose changed. Dose adjustments of Trimipramine may be required.
    Triprolidine The CNS depressants, Triprolidine and Phenobarbital, may increase adverse/toxic effects due to additivity. Monitor for increased CNS depressant effects during concomitant therapy.
    Ulipristal Concomitant therapy with strong CYP3A4 inducers may decrease plasma concentrations of ulipristal and ultimately its effectiveness. Avoid combination therapy.
    Vandetanib Decreases levels of vandetanib by affecting CYP3A4 metabolism. Contraindicated.
    Vemurafenib Strong CYP3A4 inducers may decrease levels of vemurafenib. Monitor concomitant therapy closely.
    Verapamil Phenobarbital, a CYP3A4 inducer, may increase the serum concentration of Verapamil, a CYP3A4 substrate. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic/adverse effects of Verapamil if Phenobarbital is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
    Vigabatrin Vigabatrin reduces serum concentrations of phenobarbital by 8-16%.
    Voriconazole Phenobarbital may reduce serum concentrations and efficacy of voriconazole. Concomitant voriconazole and long-acting barbiturates therapy is contraindicated.
    Warfarin Phenobarbital may decrease the serum concentration of warfarin by increasing its metabolism. Monitor for changes in the therapeutic and adverse effects of warfarin if phenobarbital is initiated, discontinued or dose changed.
    食物相互作用
    • Avoid alcohol.
    • Avoid excessive quantities of coffee or tea (Caffeine).
    • Increase dietary intake of magnesium, folate, vitamin B6, B12, and/or consider taking a multivitamin.
    • Take on an empty stomach for quicker absorption

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